ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ
ⴰⵏⵙⵓⴼ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ
ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ |
ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ: 46 |
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ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ● ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔⵏ ● ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ● ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ● ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ● Read in English | |
ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵣⴰⵎⵓⵍ: 🜨, ♁) (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Earth) ⴷ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵡⵥⵕⵓ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴼⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵏⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵖⴷⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ "ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⵖⵜ", ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ (ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⵜ) ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵃⵔⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵏⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ. ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ 4.54 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵏⴼⵍ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ/ⴰⵎⵙⵖⵔⴷⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ "ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ" ⵏⵖ "ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ".
ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵥ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵜⴰⵍⵜ/ⵜⴳⵎⵉ (ⴰⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴰⴳⵓⵔ (ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ protoplanete) ⵉⴼⵙⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵡⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ "ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵥⵏⵟⴰⵕ (ⴰⴱⵔⴳⵏⴰⵙ)", ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵖ (ⵎⴰⵕⵚ), ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ "ⵜⵢⴰ", ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ/ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵔⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵎⵏⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ/ⵉⴼⵔⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ.
ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ
ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵢⴰⵄⵇⵓⴱ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ ⵏⴰⵚⵕ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵓ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵔⵇⵓⵜ (ⵜⴰⵔⵊⵓⵜ) ⴰⵍⵎⵜⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴽⵉ ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵜⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ.
ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵊⵎ ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵥⵓⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵍⵍⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴱⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ (1090) ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴼⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ (1106-1006) ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⴽⵔ ⵓ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ "ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵏ".
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵔⴳⵣⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ "ⴷⴷⵀⴱⵉ" ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ": ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵢⴰⵥ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵛⵃⴰ, ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉ.
ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ
ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵚ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵣⵎⴰⵡⵏ (1948 - 2021 ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵢⵓⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵕⵥⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵕⵓⵢⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵎⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵕⵕⵊ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜ ⵓⵊⵊⵉⴳ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵉⵍⵓ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵖⵍⴱⴰⵣ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜ ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵓⵟⴰⵕ.
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⴱⵉⵣⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵖⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1948, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵡⵏ. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⵉⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1962, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴱⵣⵣⴰⵣ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ/ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵥⴽⴰⵡ/ⴰⴱⵏⵏⴰⵢ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⴰⴽ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⵎⵔ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴱⵃⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⴼⵔⵓⵜ/ⵚⵚⵃⵕⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉ. ⴰⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⴷⴷⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵖⵏⵊⵊ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔ.
ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ
ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1934 ⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⵓ, ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ, ⴰⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ: ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴼⵉ, ⵎⴰⵕⵉ ⵉⴱⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ. ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.
ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1934 ⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ; ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⵟⵟⵓ", ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⴱⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴼⵉ , ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵣⴳⴰⵔⵏ (ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993), ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ. ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993 ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⴽⴰ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ", ⵄⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ.
ⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ?
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵒⵉⴷⵢⴰ (Wikipedia ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ (291 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015). ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵜⵜ ⵊⵉⵎⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2001. ⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, "ⵡⵉⴽⵉ" ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴱⵣⵔⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ, ⴷ "ⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ "encyclopedia". ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵃⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 300 (ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ) ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 7 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ. ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 40 (ⴽⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ 300 (ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ) ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2014 (ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵥⵕⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 18 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 500 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⴱⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ.
ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ
- ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
- ⵀⴰⵏ ⵙⵢⵓⵏⴳ ⵙⵓⴽ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.
- ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ 1 - 0 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⵟⵓⵕⵉⵚ.
- ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ" ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵉ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵙⵓⵏ.
ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?
- ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⵛⵔⵜⵛⵉⵍ (ⴷⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ) ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1953?
- ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴽⵡⵉⴽⵏⵀⵓⴼ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ?
- ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 3000 ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ?
- ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵀⵍⵎⵓⵙ ⵓ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ 1574, ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ?
- ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 100 ⴰⵔ 400 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 3 ⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ?
- ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ/ⵎⵕⵚⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ?
- ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴼⵢⵉⵍⴷ ⵓ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ?
- ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵉ ⴽⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ, ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1903 ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1911?
ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
| ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷ/ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷ: ⵏⴽⴽ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔⵓ: ⵏⴽⴽ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ: ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ "انتساب Adhésion/Affiliation" ⵏⵖ "Appartenir à "انتسب" = ⴰⵙⵖ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ (afro-asiatique). |
ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 12 259 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷ. ⵉⴳ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷ (ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ) ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵓ, ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ, ⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵏⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ.
ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ