Wikipedia

Sinkhole

Sinkhole wani rami ne ko wani wuri mai zurfi a cikin ƙasa wanda ke samuwa sakamakon wani nau’in rushewar saman ƙasa. Ana kuma amfani da kalmar wajen nufin doline, wato wuraren da ƙasa ta nutse ko ta yi zurfi a kewaye, waɗanda kuma ake kira shakeholes, da kuma wuraren da ruwan saman ƙasa ke shiga cikin hanyoyin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, waɗanda ake kira ponor⁠, swallow hole ko swallet.[1][2][3][4]wani nau'in rami ne wanda ke fallasa ruwan kasa a ƙasa.[5] Sink da rafi sink sune kalmomin gama gari don shafuka waɗanda ke zubar da ruwa, mai yiwuwa ta hanyar shiga cikin laka ko dutse mai rushewa.[6]

Sinkhole
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare nasinkhole (en) Fassara
Bangare naKarst
Ramin Croatia)" id="mwDg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Red Lake (Croatia)">Red Lake a Croatia

Yawancin sinkholes suna haifar da matakai na karst - rushewar sinadarai na duwatsun carbonate, rushewa ko matakai na sufosion.[7] Ramin ruwa yawanci suna da zagaye kuma sun bambanta da girman daga dubban zuwa daruruwan mita duka a diamita da zurfi, kuma sun bambanta a cikin tsari daga kwanon ƙasa zuwa ramuka masu gefen dutse. Sinkholes na iya samuwa sannu a hankali ko ba zato ba tsammani, kuma ana samun su a duk duniya.[6][8]

Kafawa

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Ramin ruwa a kusa da Tekun Gishiri, wanda aka kafa lokacin da gishiri a karkashin kasa ya narke ta hanyar shigar da ruwa mai laushi, saboda ci gaba da raguwar matakin teku.
Rashin ruwa a Chinchón, Spain.

Hanyoyin halitta

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Sinkholes na iya tattara magudanar ruwan saman ƙasa daga ruwa mai gudana ko kuma ruwa da ya tsaya, amma kuma suna iya samuwa a wurare masu tsayi da busasshe a wasu takamaiman yankuna. Sinkholes da ke tattara ruwan magudanar ruwa na iya riƙe ruwan a cikin manyan kogunan dutse na farar ƙasa (limestone caves). Waɗannan kogunan na iya zubar da ruwansu zuwa ƙananan rafukan da ke haɗuwa da manyan koguna.[9][10]

Samun sinkholes ya haɗa da matakai na halitta na rushewa ko cirewa a hankali na dutse mai narkewa (kamar dutse mai laushi) ta hanyar ruwa mai narkewar ruwa, rushewa rufin kogo, ko saukar da teburin ruwa. [11]Sinkholes sau da yawa suna samuwa ta hanyar tsari na suffosion.[12] Misali, ruwan kasa na iya narkar da siminti na carbonate wanda ke riƙe da barbashi na sandstone tare sannan ya kwashe barbashi mai laushi, sannu a hankali ya zama babu komai.

A wasu lokuta, sinkhole na iya kasancewa da buɗaɗɗen wuri da ake iya gani wanda ke shiga cikin wani kogo da ke ƙarƙashinsa. A cikin manyan sinkholes na musamman, kamar Minyé sinkhole da ke Papua New Guinea, ko Cedar Sink da ke Mammoth Cave National Park a Kentucky, ana iya ganin wani rafi ko kogi na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana gudana a ƙasan sinkhole, daga wani gefe zuwa wani.

Sinkholes sun zama ruwan dare a inda dutsen da ke ƙasa shine dutse mai laushi ko wani dutse na carbonate, gadajen gishiri, ko a wasu duwatsu masu narkewa, kamar gypsum, [13] wanda za'a iya narkewa ta halitta ta hanyar zagaya ruwa a ƙasa. Sinkholes kuma suna faruwa a cikin sandstone da kuma wuraren Quartzite.

Yayin da dutsen ya narke, sarari da koguna suna tasowa a karkashin kasa. Wadannan sinkholes na iya zama masu ban mamaki, saboda ƙasa ta ƙasa yawanci tana kasancewa ba tare da lalacewa ba har sai babu isasshen tallafi. Sa'an nan kuma, rushewar ƙasa kwatsam na iya faruwa.[11]

Yankin sararin samaniya da na duniya

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A ranar 2 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2015, masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton cewa an sami ramuka masu aiki, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da rushewar rami kuma mai yiwuwa suna da alaƙa ti fashewa, a kan Comet 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko ta hanyar binciken sararin samaniya na Rosetta.[14]

Hanyoyin da aka yi da su

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Rugujewar zurfin mita 32 (mita 9.8) wanda aka kafa ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke gudana ta hanyar hanya da ɗaukar ƙasa a cikin bututun ruwa mai fashewa a filin ajiye motoci a Georgia Tech a Atlanta, Georgia a cikin 2005

Rushewar ƙasa, wanda sau da yawa ake kira sinkhole ba daidai ba, na iya faruwa sakamakon ayyukan ɗan Adam, kamar rushewar tsoffin ma’adinai da kuma wuraren adana gishiri a cikin manyan tarin gishiri da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa a wurare kamar Louisiana, Mississippi, da Texas, a ƙasar Amurka.

Mafi yawanci, irin wannan rushewar tana faruwa ne a yankunan birane sakamakon fashewar ko karyewar manyan bututun ruwa, ko kuma rushewar bututun magudanar najasa lokacin da tsofaffin bututu suka lalace ko suka gaza ɗaukar nauyi. Haka kuma, irin wannan rushewar na iya faruwa sakamakon yawan fitar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma sauran ruwaye da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar famfo ko wasu hanyoyin hakowa.

Sinkholes na iya samuwa lokacin da aka canza tsarin ruwa na halitta kuma aka haɓaka sabbin tsarin karkatar da ruwa. Wasu sinkholes suna samuwa lokacin da aka canza farfajiyar ƙasa, kamar lokacin da aka halicci tafkunan ajiya na masana'antu da runoff; nauyin nauyin sabon abu na iya haifar da rushewar rufin wani abu ko rami a cikin ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da ci gaban ramin.

Rarraba

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Rashin warwarewa

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Solution ko dissolution sinkholes suna samuwa ne a wuraren da ruwa ke narkar da farar ƙasa (limestone) da ke ƙarƙashin wani rufin ƙasa. Wannan narkewar tana faɗaɗa buɗaɗɗun wuraren da suka riga suka kasance a cikin dutsen, kamar haɗe-haɗen dutse (joints), tsage-tsage (fractures), da layukan shimfiɗar dutse (bedding planes). Ƙasar saman tana nutsewa zuwa cikin waɗannan buɗaɗɗun wurare da suka faɗaɗa, wanda ke haifar da wani ƙaramin wuri mai zurfi a saman ƙasa.[15]

Rainfall and surface water percolate through joints in the limestone. Dissolved carbonate rock is carried away from the surface, and a small depression gradually forms. On exposed carbonate surfaces, a depression may focus surface drainage, accelerating the dissolution process. Debris carried into the developing sinkhole may plug the outflow, ponding water and creating wetlands.
Ruwan sama da ruwa na sama suna gudana ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa a cikin dutse. Ana ɗaukar dutsen carbonate da aka narke daga farfajiya, kuma karamin ɓacin rai yana samuwa a hankali. A kan wuraren carbonate da aka fallasa, bakin ciki na iya mayar da hankali ga zubar da ruwa, yana hanzarta tsarin rushewa. Rushewar da aka ɗauka a cikin ramin ruwa mai tasowa na iya toshe fitowar, tafkin ruwa da ƙirƙirar wuraren da ke da ruwa.

Ruwan da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa

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Rufe-subsidence sinkholes samar inda ramuka a cikin dutse mai laushi ya ba da damar ƙarin daidaita ƙasa don ƙirƙirar manyan ɓarkewa.[15]

Granular sediments spall into secondary openings in the underlying carbonate rocks. A column of overlying sediments settles into the vacated spaces (a process termed "piping"). Dissolution and infilling continue, forming a noticeable depression in the land surface. The slow downward erosion eventually forms small surface depressions 1 inch to several feet in depth and diameter.
Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa sun fashe a cikin ramuka na biyu a cikin duwatsun carbonate. Wani shafi na shimfidar wuri ya zauna a cikin sararin samaniya (aikin da ake kira "piping"). Rugujewa da cikawa suna ci gaba, suna samar da raguwa a cikin ƙasa. Rugujewar da ke raguwa a ƙarshe yana samar da ƙananan ɓarkewar ƙasa 1 inci zuwa ƙafafu da yawa a zurfi da diamita.

Ruwan da aka rufe

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Ruwan da aka rufe ko "dropouts" suna samuwa inda ƙasa mai yawa ta sauka cikin ramuka a cikin dutse mai laushi cewa ƙasa ta rushe. Rushewar farfajiyar na iya faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma ya haifar da lalacewar bala'i. Sabon rugujewar sinkhole na iya samuwa lokacin da aikin ɗan adam ya canza tsarin ruwa na halitta a yankunan karst.[15]

Sediments spall into a cavity. As spalling continues, the cohesive covering sediments form a structural arch. The cavity migrates upward by progressive roof collapse. The cavity eventually breaches the ground surface, creating sudden and dramatic sinkholes.
Rashin ruwa ya fashe cikin rami. Yayin da fashewa ke ci gaba, abubuwan da ke rufewa sun samar da tsarin tsari. Ramin yana ƙaura zuwa sama ta hanyar rushewar rufin da ke ci gaba. Ramin ya rushe ƙasa, yana haifar da sinkholes na kwatsam da ban mamaki.

Ramin da ba a sani ba

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Pseudokarst sinkholes suna kama da karst sinkholas amma an kafa su ne ta hanyar matakai ban da rushewar dutse.:4

Rashin ruwa mai saurin mutum

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Four panels illustrate the growth of soil cavities above a rock cavity. Rising water softens soil. Downward moving water carries softened soil down into rock cavity.
Ayyukan da mutum ya yi da canje-canjen ƙasa waɗanda ke haifar da canjin matakin ruwa suna hanzarta rugujewar murfin murfin

Ayyukan ɗan adam na iya hanzarta rushewar karst sinkholes, yana haifar da rushewa a cikin 'yan shekaru wanda zai samo asali a cikin dubban shekaru a ƙarƙashin yanayin halitta.: 2  : 1 da 92 Rugujewar ƙasa, waɗanda ke da alamar rushewar ramuka a cikin ƙasa waɗanda suka haɓaka inda ƙasa ta faɗi cikin ramukan dutse, suna haifar da haɗari mafi tsanani ga rayuwa da dukiya. Canjin matakin ruwa yana hanzarta wannan tsarin rushewa. Lokacin da ruwa ya tashi ta hanyar fissures a cikin dutse, yana rage haɗin ƙasa. Daga baya, yayin da matakin ruwa ke motsawa zuwa ƙasa, ƙasa mai laushi tana shiga ƙasa cikin ramukan dutse. Ruwa mai gudana a cikin hanyoyin karst yana ɗaukar ƙasa, yana hana ƙasa tarawa a cikin ramukan dutse kuma yana ba da damar tsarin rushewa ya ci gaba.:52–53

Rashin ruwa yana faruwa inda aikin mutum ke canza yadda ruwan sama ke sake caji ruwan kasa. Yawancin sinkholes da mutane suka haifar suna faruwa inda aka damu da sake caji na halitta kuma ruwa na sama ya zama mai da hankali. Ayyukan da za su iya hanzarta rushewar ramin sun haɗa da cire katako, zubar da ruwa, shimfida bututun ruwa, layin ruwa, magudanar ruwa, da hakowa. Wadannan ayyukan na iya kara motsi na ruwa sama da yawan ruwa na ruwa.: 26-29 Karin runoff daga wuraren da ba su da ruwa na hanyoyi, rufin, da wuraren ajiye motoci kuma suna hanzarta ramin da mutum ya haifar.:8

Wasu sinkholes da aka haifar suna gaba da alamun gargadi, kamar tsagewa, raguwa, ƙofofi masu toshewa, ko sautin fashewa, amma wasu suna tasowa tare da ƙarami ko babu gargadi.: 32-34 Koyaya, an fahimci ci gaban karst sosai, kuma halayyar shafin da ya dace na iya kauce wa bala'o'in karst. Don haka yawancin bala'o'in sinkhole ana iya hango su kuma ana iya hana su maimakon "Ayyukan Allah".::xii : 17 da 104 American Society of Civil Engineers ya bayyana cewa yiwuwar rushewar rami dole ne ya zama wani ɓangare na shirin amfani da ƙasa a yankunan karst. Inda rushewar sinkhole na tsarin zai iya haifar da asarar rai, ya kamata a sanar da jama'a game da haɗarin.:88

More than three acres of trees are missing in a forest after collapsing into a funnel shaped pit with water at the bottom.
Fiye da kadada uku na gandun daji ba zato ba tsammani sun ɓace cikin wannan rami na "Disamba Giant" a Montevallo, Alabama.

A cikin 2015, Binciken Geological na Amurka ya kiyasta farashin gyaran lalacewar da ta taso daga hanyoyin da suka shafi karst kamar akalla dala miliyan 300 a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata, amma ya lura cewa wannan na iya zama babban ƙididdiga bisa ga bayanan da ba su dace ba.[16] Mafi yawan lalacewar karst sinkhole a Amurka yana faruwa a Florida, Texas, Alabama, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, da Pennsylvania.[17] Ramin ruwa mafi girma a kwanan nan a Amurka mai yiwuwa ne wanda aka kafa a 1972 a Montevallo, Alabama, sakamakon saukar da matakin ruwa da mutum ya yi a cikin dutsen dutse da ke kusa. Wannan "Disamba Giant" ko "Golly Hole" sinkhole ya auna 425 feet (130 m) tsawo, 350 feet (110 m) fadi da 150 feet (46 m) zurfi.:1–2:61–63[18]

Abubuwan da suka faru

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Dukan ruwan da ke saman Kogin Alapaha kusa da Jennings, Florida ya shiga cikin rami wanda ke kaiwa ga ruwan kasa na Floridan AquiferRuwa na ƙasa
Gouffre de Padirac a Faransa da aka sani tun daga karni na 3 kuma an bincika shi a 1889
Rashin lafiya daban-daban da sinkholes da ake gani daga iska a Meade County, KentuckyGundumar Meade, Kentucky

Ramin yana faruwa a cikin shimfidar wurare na karst.[11]Yankunan karst na iya samun dubban sinkholes a cikin karamin yanki, yana ba da shimfidar wuri alama. Wadannan sinkholes suna fitar da dukkan ruwa, don haka akwai Koguna na karkashin kasa kawai a cikin wadannan yankuna. Misalan shimfidar wurare na karst tare da manyan sinkholes sun hada da Khammouan Mountains (Laos) da Mamo Plateau (Papua New Guinea).[19][20] Mafi yawan sanannun sinkholes da aka kafa a cikin sandstone sune Sima Humboldt da Sima Martel a Venezuela.[20]

Amfani da Mutum

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An yi amfani da ramuka na ƙarni da yawa a matsayin wuraren zubar da shara don nau'ikan sharar gida. Sakamakon wannan shine gurɓata albarkatun ruwa na ƙasa, tare da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya a irin waɗannan yankuna.[21]

Al'adun Maya wani lokacin suna amfani da sinkholes a yankin Yucatán (wanda aka sani da cenotes) a matsayin wuraren da za a ajiye abubuwa masu daraja da hadayu na mutum.[22]

Lokacin da sinkholes suna da zurfi sosai ko kuma suna da alaƙa da koguna, suna iya ba da ƙalubale ga ƙwararrun masu hawan dutse ko, lokacin da ruwa ya cika, masu nutsewa. Wasu daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa sune Zakaton cenote a Mexico (mafi zurfin ruwa a duniya), Boesmansgat sinkhole a Afirka ta Kudu, Sarisariñama tepuy a Venezuela, Sótano del Barro a Mexico, da kuma garin Mount Gambier, Kudancin Australia. Ramin da ke samuwa a cikin coral reefs da tsibirai da ke rushewa zuwa zurfi mai zurfi an san su da ramuka masu launin shudi kuma galibi suna zama sanannun wuraren nutsewa.

Sunayen yankin

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Babban Blue Hole kusa da Ambergris Caye, Belize

Manyan sinkholes masu ban mamaki sun kasance sanannu ga mutanen yankin tun zamanin d ̄ a. A zamanin yau ana haɗa sinkholes kuma ana kiransu a cikin takamaiman rukunin yanar gizo ko sunayen gama gari. Wasu misalai na irin waɗannan sunayen an jera su a ƙasa.[23]

  • Aven - A kudancin Faransa (wannan sunan yana nufin rami a cikin Harshen Occitan).
  • Black holes (kada a rikita su da cosmic black holes) - Wannan kalmar tana nufin rukuni na musamman, zagaye, cike da ruwa a cikin Bahamas. Wadannan tsari suna da alama an narke su a cikin laka na carbonate daga sama, ta ruwan teku. Launi mai duhu na ruwa ya samo asali ne daga Layer na phototropic microorganisms da aka mayar da hankali a cikin wani nau'i mai laushi, mai launin purple a 15 zuwa 20 zurfi; wannan Layer "ya gurɓata" haske. Metabolism a cikin Layer na microorganisms yana haifar da dumama ruwa. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Black Hole na Andros . [24]
  • Blue holes - An fara ba da wannan sunan ga zurfin ruwa na Bahamas amma ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don duk wani rami mai zurfi da aka kafa a cikin duwatsun carbonate. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga launi mai launin shudi mai zurfi na ruwa a cikin waɗannan sinkholes, wanda aka halicce shi ta hanyar haskakawar ruwa da zurfin sinkholes; kawai launin shudi na zurfin bakan da ake gani zai iya shiga irin wannan zurfin kuma ya dawo bayan tunani.
  • Cenote - Wannan yana nufin halayen sinkholes masu cike da ruwa a Yucatán Peninsula, Belize da wasu yankuna. Wasu daga cikin cenotes an haɓaka su sama da gefen rami na Chicxulub kuma sun taimaka wajen gano kasancewarsa.
  • Dolina - sunan yankin Slovenia da aka yi amfani da shi a duniya don karst sinkholes. Ma'anar asali ita ce "kwari" ko "dabar".[25]
  • Foeba - kalmar yaren Italiyanci na Friulan (daga Latin fŏvea: "pit" ko "chasm"). An ba da sunan ga sinkholes a yankin iyaka tsakanin yankin Italiya na Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Croatia da Slovenia, a cikin Karst Plateau.
  • Sótanos - An ba da wannan sunan ga manyan ramuka da yawa a jihohi da yawa na Mexico.
  • Tiankengs - Waɗannan manyan sinkholes ne, yawanci zurfi da faɗi fiye da 250 metres (820 ft) , tare da mafi yawan ganuwar tsaye, galibi an kirkiresu ne ta hanyar rushewar koguna. Kalmar tana nufin ramukan sama a cikin Sinanci; yawancin wannan mafi girman nau'in sinkhole suna cikin China. :64
  • Tomo - Ana amfani da wannan kalmar a ƙasar karst ta New Zealand don bayyana sinkholes . [26]
  • Vrtača, ponikva, dolac, dô - kalmomin Croatian don sinkhole. [25] [27]

Ramin kambi shine raguwa saboda ayyukan ɗan adam na karkashin kasa, kamar hakar ma'adinai da ramukan soja.[28][29] Misalan sun haɗa da, lokuta sama da Yaƙin Duniya na I Ypres, Belgium; kusa da ma'adanai a Nitra, Slovakia; wani dutse mai laushi a Dudley, Ingila; [29] kuma sama da tsohuwar ma'adinin gypsum a Magheracloone, Ireland. [30][31]

Shahararrun misalai

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Bimmah ko Falling Star Sinkhole a Oman

Afirka

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  • Boesmansgat - Ramin ruwa mai laushi na Afirka ta Kudu, kusan 290 metres (950 ft) m (950 zurfi.[32]
  • Tafkin Kashiba - Zambia. Kimanin hekta 3.5 (8.6 acres) a cikin yanki kuma kimanin 100 metres (330 ft) zurfi.
  • Blue Hole - Dahab, Misira. Ramin nutsewa ko rami mai launin shudi, 130 metres (430 ft) m (430 mai zurfi. Ya haɗa da hanyar da ke kaiwa ga Bahar Maliya a 60 metres (200 ft) m (200 , wanda ya kasance shafin da yawa na 'yanci da kuma yunkurin ruwa, na ƙarshe sau da yawa mai kisa.

Asiya

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  • Akhayat sinkhole is in Mersin Province, Turkey. Its dimensions are about 150 m (490 ft) in diameter with a maximum depth of 70 m (230 ft).
  • Well of Barhout – A 112 metres (367 ft) deep pit cave in Al-Mahara, Yemen.
  • Bimmah Sinkhole (Hawiyat Najm, the Falling Star Sinkhole, Dibab Sinkhole) – Oman, approximately 30 metres (98 ft) deep.[33][34]
  • Teiq Sinkhole (Taiq, Teeq, Tayq) in Oman is one of the largest sinkholes in the world by volume: 90,000,000 cubic metres (3.2×109 cu ft). Several perennial wadis fall with spectacular waterfalls into this 250 metres (820 ft) deep sinkhole.
  • The Baatara gorge sinkhole and the Baatara gorge waterfall next to Tannourine in Lebanon
  • Dashiwei Tiankeng in Guangxi, China, is 613 metres (2,011 ft) deep, with vertical walls. At the bottom is an isolated patch of forest with rare species.[35]
  • Shaanxi tiankeng cluster, in the Daba Mountains of southern Shaanxi, China, covers an area of nearly 5019 square kilometers with the largest sinkhole being 520 meters in diameter and 320 meters deep.[36]
  • Xiaozhai Tiankeng – Chongqing, China. Double nested sinkhole with vertical walls, 662 metres (2,172 ft) deep.[37]
  • The Dragon Hole, located south of the Paracel Islands, was the deepest known underwater ocean sinkhole in the world until it was discovered in 2024 that the Taam Ja' Blue Hole was deeper. The Dragon Hole is 300.89 m (987.2 ft) deep.
  • Dean's Blue Hole - Bahamas. Ramin ruwa na biyu mafi zurfi da aka sani a ƙarƙashin teku, zurfin 203 metres (666 ft) . Shahararren wuri don gasar zakarun duniya na nutsewa kyauta, da kuma nutsewa na nishaɗi.

Amurka ta tsakiya

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  • Babban Blue Hole - Belize. Mai ban sha'awa, rami mai zurfi, 124 metres (407 ft) . Abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba sune stalactites masu zurfi a cikin zurfi, wanda ke nuna tsohuwar yanayin shimfidar dutse lokacin da wannan rami ya kasance sama da matakin teku.
  • 2007 Ramin ruwa na birnin Guatemala
  • Ramin ruwa na birnin Guatemala na 2010
  • Taam Ja' Blue Hole, mafi zurfin da aka sani a duniya
  • Hranice Abyss, in the Moravia region of the Czech Republic, is the deepest known underwater cave in the world. The lowest confirmed depth (as of 27 September 2016) is 473 m (404 m below the water level).
  • Maqluba, in Malta is a sinkhole with a surface area of around 4,765 square metres (51,290 sq ft) situated in the village of Qrendi in Malta. The diameter is around 50m, the depth is around 15m, and the perimeter 300m.
  • Pozzo del Merro, near Rome, Italy. At the bottom of an 80 metres (260 ft) conical pit, and approximately 400 metres (1,300 ft) deep, it is among the deepest sinkholes in the world (see Sótano del Barro below).[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span>]
  • Red Lake – Croatia. Approximately 530 metres (1,740 ft) deep pit with nearly vertical walls, contains an approximately 280–290 metres (920–950 ft) deep lake.
  • Gouffre de Padirac – France. It is 103 metres (338 ft) deep, with a diameter of 33 metres (108 ft). Visitors descend 75 m via a lift or a staircase to a lake allowing a boat tour after entering into the cave system which contains a 55 km subterranean river.
  • Vouliagmeni – Greece. The sinkhole of Vouliagmeni is known as "The Devil Well",[ana buƙatar hujja] because it is considered extremely dangerous. Four scuba divers have died in it. Maximum depth of 35.2 metres (115 ft 6 in) and horizontal penetration of 150 metres (490 ft).
  • Pouldergaderry – Ireland. This sinkhole is located in the townland of Kilderry South near Milltown, County Kerry at 52°7′57.5″N 9°44′45.4″W / 52.132639°N 9.745944°W / 52.132639; -9.745944.[38][ana buƙatar hujja] The sinkhole, which is located in an area of karst bedrock, is approximately 80 metres (260 ft) in diameter and 30 metres (98 ft) deep with many mature trees growing on the floor of the hole. At the level of the surrounding ground, the sinkhole covers an area of approximately 1.3 acres. Its presence is indicated on Ordnance Survey maps dating back to 1829.[39]

Arewacin Amurka

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Amurka

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  • Grassy Cove - Cumberland County, Tennessee. 13.6 square kilometres (5.3 sq mi) in area and 42.7 metres (140 ft 1 in) deep,[40] a National Natural Landmark.
  • Golly Hole or December Giant - Calera, Alabama. Appeared 2 December 1972. Approximately 300 by 325 feet (91 by 99 m) and 120 feet (37 m) deep.
  • Amberjack Hole – blue hole located 30 miles (48 km) off the coast of Sarasota, Florida.
  • Green Banana Hole – a blue hole located 50 miles (80 km) off the coast of Sarasota, Florida.
  • Kingsley Lake – Clay County, Florida. 8.1 square kilometres (2,000 acres) in area, 27 metres (89 ft) deep and almost perfectly round.
  • Winter Park Sinkhole – Winter Park, Florida. Appeared 8 May 1981. It was approximately 350 feet (110 m) wide and 75 feet (23 m) deep. It was notable as one of the largest recent sinkholes to form in the United States. It is now known as Lake Rose.
  • Middle Island Sinkhole – Alpena Township, Michigan. Discovered in 2002[41], located at a short distance off the shore of Middle Island on Lake Huron. Approximately 70 feet (21 m) deep, 100 feet (30 m) wide.[42]
  • Devil's Millhopper – Gainesville, Florida. 120 feet (37 m) deep, 500 feet (150 m) wide. Twelve springs, some more visible than others, feed a pond at the bottom.[43]
  • Bayou Corne sinkhole – Assumption Parish, Louisiana. About 25 acres in area and 750 feet (230 m) deep.
  • Lake Peigneur – New Iberia, Louisiana. Original depth 11 feet (3.4 m), currently 1,300 feet (400 m) at Diamond Crystal Salt Mine collapse.[44]
  • Daisetta Sinkholes – Daisetta, Texas. Several sinkholes have formed, the most recent in 2008 with a maximum diameter of 620 feet (190 m) and maximum depth of 150 feet (46 m).
  • The Blue Hole – Santa Rosa, New Mexico. The surface entrance is only 80 feet (24 m) in diameter, it expands to a diameter of 130 feet (40 m) at the bottom.
  • Gypsum Sinkhole – Utah, in Capitol Reef National Park. Nearly 15 metres (49 ft) in diameter and approximately 60 metres (200 ft) deep.[45]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Williams, Paul (2004). "Dolines". In Gunn, John (ed.). Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science (in Turanci). Taylor & Francis. pp. 628–642. ISBN 978-1-57958-399-6.
  2. ↑ Kohl, Martin (2001). "Subsidence and sinkholes in East Tennessee. A field guide to holes in the ground" (PDF). State of Tennessee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  3. ↑ Thomas, David; Goudie, Andrew, eds. (2009). The Dictionary of Physical Geography (3rd ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 440. ISBN 978-1-4443-1316-1.
  4. ↑ Monroe, Watson Hiner (1970). "A glossary of Karst terminology". U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper. 1899-K: 77. Bibcode:1970usgs.rept...77M. doi:10.3133/wsp1899k.
  5. ↑ Monroe, Watson Hiner (1970). "A glossary of Karst terminology". U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper. 1899-K: 77. Bibcode:1970usgs.rept...77M. doi:10.3133/wsp1899k.
  6. 1 2 Kohl, Martin (2001). "Subsidence and sinkholes in East Tennessee. A field guide to holes in the ground" (PDF). State of Tennessee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  7. ↑ "Caves and karst – dolines and sinkholes". British Geological Survey.
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":0".
  9. ↑ Breining, Greg (5 October 2007). "Getting Down and Dirty in an Underground River in Puerto Rico". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  10. ↑ Palmer, Arthur N. (1 January 1991). "Origin and morphology of limestone caves". Geological Society of America Bulletin (in Turanci). 103 (1): 1–21. Bibcode:1991GSAB..103....1P. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0001:oamolc>2.3.co;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
  11. 1 2 3 Tills 2013.
  12. ↑ "Quarrying and the environment". bgs. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  13. ↑ "Sinkholes in Washington County". Utah gov Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 23 March 2011.
  14. ↑ Vincent, Jean-Baptiste; et al. (2 July 2015). "Large heterogeneities in comet 67P as revealed by active pits from sinkhole collapse" (PDF). Nature. 523 (7558): 63–66. Bibcode:2015Natur.523...63V. doi:10.1038/nature14564. PMID 26135448. S2CID 2993705.
  15. 1 2 3 "Sinkholes". Water Science School. U.S. Geological Survey. 9 October 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  16. ↑ (Lewis ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. ↑ Kuniansky, E.L.; Weary, D.J.; Kaufmann, J.E. (2016). "The current status of mapping karst areas and availability of public sinkhole-risk resources in karst terrains of the United States" (PDF). Hydrogeology Journal. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 24 (3): 614. Bibcode:2016HydJ...24..613K. doi:10.1007/s10040-015-1333-3. S2CID 130375566. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  18. ↑ "Possibly the nation's largest recent sinkhole – the 'December Giant' measuring 425 feet long, 350 feet wide and 150 feet deep – formed in central Alabama". USGS Denver Library Photographic Collection. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  19. ↑ "What is a sinkhole?". CNC3. 14 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  20. 1 2 "Largest and most impressive sinkholes of the world". Wondermondo. 19 August 2010.
  21. ↑ Vesper, D.J.; Loop, C.M.; White, W.B. (2001). "Contaminant transport in karst aquifers" (PDF). Theoretical and Applied Karstology. 13: 101–111. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  22. ↑ ""Haunted" Maya Underwater Cave Holds Human Bones". 16 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  23. ↑ "Sinkholes". Wondermondo. 19 August 2010.
  24. ↑ "Black Hole of Andros". Wondermondo. 17 August 2010.
  25. 1 2 "dolina". Hrvatska enciklopedija. Retrieved 2024-10-11.
  26. ↑ "Subsidence". Waikato Regional Council (in Turanci). Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  27. ↑ "ponikva". Hrvatska enciklopedija. Retrieved 2024-10-11.
  28. ↑ "Subsidence Incident | Gyproc". Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  29. 1 2 Hussey, Sinéad (17 April 2020). "Crown hole appears in Magheracloone, Co Monaghan". RTÉ News.
  30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "LLHungary".
  31. ↑ Lóczy, Dénes, ed. (2015). "The Crater Lakes of Nagyhegyes". Landscapes and Landforms of Hungary – World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer: 247. ISBN 978-3-319-08997-3.
  32. ↑ Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (May–June 2006). "On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa". South African Journal of Science. 102: 217–228. ISSN 0038-2353.
  33. ↑ Rajendran, Sankaran; Nasir, Sobhi (2014). "ASTER mapping of limestone formations and study of caves, springs and depressions in parts of Sultanate of Oman". Environmental Earth Sciences. 71 (1): 133–146, figure 9d (page 142), page 144. Bibcode:2014EES....71..133R. doi:10.1007/s12665-013-2419-7. S2CID 128443371.
  34. ↑ "Bimmah sinkhole". Wondermondo. 3 February 2013.
  35. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  36. ↑ "时事新闻--解密汉中天坑群——改写地质历史的世界级"自然博物馆"" [Deciphering the Hanzhong tiankeng group – world-class "Nature Museum"]. Hanzhong People's Municipal Government. 25 November 2016. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016.
  37. ↑ Zhu, Xuewen; Waltham, Tony (2006). "Tiankeng: definition and description" (PDF). Speleogenesis and Evolution of Karst Aquifers. 4 (1): 1–8, Fig. 4. Structural interpretation of Xiaozhai Tiankeng, page 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  38. ↑ "52°07'57.5"N 9°44'45.4"W · Kilderry South, Co. Kerry, Ireland". 52°07'57.5"N 9°44'45.4"W · Kilderry South, Co. Kerry, Ireland.
  39. ↑ "Shop.osi.ie Mapviewer". Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  40. ↑ Dunigan, Tom. "Grassy Cove". Tennessee Landforms. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  41. ↑ "Middle Island Sinkhole". noaa.gov. Retrieved 13 May 2026.
  42. ↑ "Diving with Ric: An underwater view of the Lake Huron Middle Island Sinkhole". greatlakesnow.org. Retrieved 13 May 2026.
  43. ↑ "Devils Millhopper Geological State Park". Floridastateparks.org. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  44. ↑ Mine Safety and Health Administration. (Report). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  45. ↑ "Cathedral Valley – Capitol Reef National Park". National Park Service, US Dept of Interior. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
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